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The California Division of Motor Autos (DMV) launched its 2023 information in early February—its ninth 12 months of knowledge. It’s the pioneer in testing autonomous automobiles (AVs), which started in 2015. The 2023 figures embody information from 23 corporations. This column consists of statistics and developments, with views for 9 years of outcomes. Waymo and Cruise had been once more the leaders in AV testing in California.
The DMV’s information is restricted, however the outcomes are the major public information out there to evaluate how numerous AV corporations are doing. The outcomes by AV testing corporations embody the next data:
Firm identify of all members;
Month-to-month information from December 2022 by means of November 2023;
Variety of AV permits and what number of AVs had been used;
Month-to-month AV miles traveled for every AV and yearly whole;
Disengagement information for all AVs by date, firm, automobile ID and different data.
Writer’s word: From 2015 to 2020, all AVs operated with security drivers and are labeled “drivered.” In 2021, driverless testing began. On this case, disengagements occurred solely with {hardware} and software program points. Few driverless AV disengagements had been reported.
2015–2023 pattern: Waymo and Cruise dominate
Throughout 2023, 38 corporations had permits to check AVs in California, although not all corporations used their AV permits. The 2023 information consists of 23 corporations, with one first-time AV firm: Vueron. Over 70 corporations have participated in AV testing since 2015. Solely seven corporations have obtained permits for driverless testing.
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The following determine is a abstract of drivered, driverless and whole AV miles by 12 months in three bar charts. AV testing with security driver (drivered) grew from 451,000 miles in 2015 to over 5.85 million miles in 2023. The cumulative drivered AV miles add as much as over 23.5 million miles in 9 years.
Determine 1: California AV testing miles from 2015 to 2023. (Supply: Egil Juilussen)
Driverless AV miles began slowly in 2021 with solely 25,000 miles, and grew dramatically in 2022 to 602,000 miles. The driverless development continued in 2023, with practically 3.3 million miles. Cumulative driverless AV miles reached practically 3.9 million in 2023.
Complete AV miles, together with each drivered and driverless, was 4.1 million in 2021, which greater than doubled in 2023 to 9.1 million miles. Complete cumulative AV miles grew from 8.5 million in 2020 to over 27.4 million in 2023. It’s doubtless that whole AV miles will attain 10 to 12 million miles in 2024, relying on if or when Cruise will get its driverless allow that it misplaced in late 2023.
As Determine 1 exhibits, Waymo and Cruise dominate AV testing in California. In drivered AV testing, Waymo’s been the chief yearly besides 2020, when it lowered its exercise as a result of Covid. Cruise supplied Covid-related deliveries in 2020 and lead in miles that 12 months. Waymo’s drivered miles grew from 424,000 in 2015 to three.67 million miles in 2023. Waymo’s cumulative drivered AV miles topped 13.66 million in 2023.
Waymo began slowly in driverless AV testing with 52,000 miles in 2022, and jumped to almost 1.2 million miles in 2023. Waymo’s whole AV miles grew from 2.33 million in 2021 to 4.86 million in 2023. Waymo’s the chief in cumulative whole AV miles, with over 14.9 million miles from 2015 to 2023, which is over 54% of all AV testing miles in California.
Cruise began AV testing in California in 2016, with nearly10,000 drivered miles. Cruise’s drivered miles peaked in 2021 at 876,000 and declined to 584,000 in 2023 because it shifted to driverless testing. Cruise’s cumulative drivered miles topped 4.5 million in 2023.
Cruise turned the clear chief in driverless AV miles in 2022, with over 546,000—up from 6,000+ in 2021. In 2023, Cruise reached 2.07 million driverless miles. Its cumulative driverless miles are over 2.6 million miles, which is 67% of all driverless miles in California.
Complete drivered and driverless AV miles for Cruise grew from 130,000 in 2017 to 2.65 million miles in 2023. Complete cumulative miles surpassed 7.1 million miles in 2023, which is 26% of all AV testing miles in California.
AV testing developments: Key corporations
There are few corporations which have massive AV testing operations over a few years. Solely Waymo and Mercedes-Benz did AV exams all 9 years.
The following determine summarizes the main corporations in drivered AV miles from 2015 to 2023 and driverless AV miles for 2021 to 2023. The info is in two graphs: The left graph exhibits the highest 11 corporations in drivered miles ranked by cumulative miles, whereas the appropriate graph exhibits all seven corporations that’ve accomplished driverless AV testing.
Determine 2: Key corporations in California AV testing. (Supply: Egil Juilussen)
This determine once more exhibits how far forward Waymo and Cruise are. In drivered AV miles, Zoox is in third place and enormously elevated its miles at 0.55 million in 2022 and 0.71 million in 2023. Zoox surpassed Cruise’s drivered AV miles in 2023. Zoox can be rising its driverless AV miles and was in third place in 2023.
Apple elevated its drivered AV testing in 2023 to over 450,000 miles and reached practically 0.7 million cumulative miles. However Apple’s miles per disengagement continues to be poor: It was 142 in 2023, which is properly under common for all corporations.
Mercedes-Benz participated in California’s AV testing yearly with low miles the primary 4 years. The final three years, it’s pushed 53,000 to 59,000 miles per 12 months, with cumulative miles at 219,000 in 2023. It was fairly a shock that Mercedes-Benz had no disengagement whereas protecting 58,000 miles. Is its partnership with Nvidia making a distinction?
5 Chinese language corporations are within the high 11 corporations in drivered miles. Pony.ai surpassed 1.1 million cumulative AV miles and is in fourth place. AutoX and WeRide’s cumulative AV take a look at miles are at about 200,000. Apollo AV miles are at about 150,000 and Didi at 106,000.
Disengagement developments
The disengagement charge is a key quantity to evaluate the progress of AV corporations as a result of it’s the one public information level reported frequently. The typical variety of miles between disengagements is a vital information pattern. It’s calculated by dividing the drivered AV miles by the variety of disengagements—the upper the quantity, the higher the AV software program is doing.
In recent times, just a few corporations haven’t reported any disengagements, which implies the miles per disengagement can’t be calculated. In 2023, there have been three corporations that had zero disengagements: Cruise, AutoX and Mercedes-Benz.
The following determine exhibits common miles per disengagement for 9 years on the left. The highest 10 corporations with their gathered miles divided by gathered disengagements are displayed in the appropriate determine. The years of AV testing for every firm are proven in pink.
Determine 3: Disengagement information from California AV testing. (Supply Egil Juilussen)
Common miles per disengagement requires an evidence, as there are two estimates: one with all corporations included and one with out Apple and Uber information. In 2018, Apple and Uber had a particularly excessive variety of disengagements. The 2 corporations accounted for about 97% of whole disengagement, with about 5% of AV miles. This created a far per disengagement of solely 14 in 2018, in contrast with 220 in 2017 and 308 in 2019. Which means that in 2018, Apple and Uber lowered miles per disengagement by an element of 34—from 477 to 14. Apple lowered the miles per disengagement charge in 2022 from 2,043 with out Apple to 606 with Apple—a decline of over 70%. In 2023, Apple lowered miles per disengagement from 1,600 to 891, or a 44% decline.
This miles-per-disengagement rating favors the businesses that’ve accomplished most of their testing in the previous couple of years if their miles per disengagement had been good. It’s fascinating that Argo.ai tops this listing, because it had good information for 2020–2022. There was no testing in 2023, as Argo shut down.
Of the businesses with disengagements in 2023, Zoox had by far the very best miles per disengagement, at over 177,000. That is fairly an enchancment over earlier years regardless of driving over 710,000 miles—its highest ever.
Corporations with no disengagement have to be doing properly—at the very least in the event that they lined many miles. Cruise is in that class, with 584,000 miles and 0 disengagement. Cruise was the clear chief in 2022, with practically 96,000 miles per disengagement.
4 Chinese language AV corporations are within the high 10 rankings, with Pony.ai in second place. The Chinese language corporations have good miles per disengagement, however they’ve low yearly miles in contrast with Waymo and Cruise.
Waymo is in third place in cumulative miles per disengagement with over 9,000 miles. Waymo was the chief in miles per disengagement from 2015 to 2020.
Cruise additionally exceeded 9,000 miles per disengagement for cumulative testing.
AV testing views
The California DMV has supplied 9 years of AV testing information for drivered AVs and three years of knowledge for driverless AVs. It’s essentially the most publicly out there AV information and is watched and analyzed by many organizations. At present, 38 corporations have permits for AV testing with security drivers. Seven corporations have permits for driverless AV testing.
AV testing in California is dominated by Waymo and Cruise—particularly when it comes to miles pushed. Waymo is the clear chief in whole AV miles, with over 54% of the practically 27.5 million miles pushed within the final 9 years. This consists of driverless miles. Cruise has one other 26% of whole AV miles at 7.1 million miles.
The following determine is a abstract and offers views on Waymo and Cruise’s dominance in AV miles pushed in California. The miles share of the Chinese language AV corporations are estimated, with all remaining corporations included within the different class. Driverless AV miles are included and occurred from 2021 to 2023 solely.
Determine 4: California AV miles developments. (Supply: Egil Juilussen)
In 2015 and 2016, Waymo was dominant and accounted for 94% and 96% of whole miles. Waymo has pushed over 50% of AV miles yearly besides 2020. In 2017, Cruise turned an element and has been second in AV miles, with first place in 2020. The subsidiaries of the Chinese language corporations made an impression in 2018, with practically 4% share of miles, which peaked in 2020 at 15% share of AV miles. The share of the Chinese language corporations declined just lately and was only one.9% of whole miles in 2023.
The opposite class picked up as Zoox and Apple expanded their miles in 2022 and 2023.
Driverless AV testing accelerated in 2023 as Cruise and Waymo elevated their actions. New permits are anticipated to extend driverless testing in future years.
Deployment of drivered and driverless AVs may also develop. This additionally entails the California Public Utilities Fee (PUC), which provides permission to cost for AV rides.
California’s AV testing and deployment will stay a number one issue within the path to industrial AV deployment. It’s informative to trace and analyze the info and actions managed by the California DMV and PUC.
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